3 Reasons Why The Handmaid’s Tale Remains Relevant

The Handmaid’s Tale is the second dystopian work of speculative fiction — after George Orwell’s 1984 — to suddenly appear on top of the bestseller lists years after its release. The renewed interest in Margaret Atwood’s classic story of a post-apocalyptic America dominated by a puritanical religious sect that reduces most women to subjugated breeder status stems from both the current political atmosphere in the United States and the adaptation airing on Hulu starring Elizabeth Moss, Alexis Bledel, and Joseph Fiennes. What’s interesting about The Handmaid’s Tale is how many people assume it’s much older than it actually is. The book was originally published in 1985, and while that’s 32 years ago many people are surprised it wasn’t penned in the 1950s or 1960s; blame this on our tendency to believe that the present and very recent past are fairly enlightened. People assume the book was written during what some see as the final gasp of patriarchy—before birth control and the women’s liberation movement started the slow, agonizing process of pursuing equality for women and raising consciousness around the world. On the other hand, a book written three decades ago still resonates with a particular power. Hulu didnt adapt The Handmaid’s Tale as a revered classic kept behind glass, but rather as a pulsing, living work of literature that speaks to modern-day America. Not many books can retain that kind of power for thirty years, and The Handmaid’s Tale remains a powerfully current story—for three distinct reasons that go beyond politics. Margaret Atwood Just Updated It One aspect of The Handmaid’s Tale that is often overlooked is the author’s dedication to the story. When the author herself regards the story as a living, breathing work and continued to discuss and develop the ideas within it, the story retains some of the immediacy that surrounded it upon publication. In fact, Atwood has actually just expanded the story. As part of the launch of the updated audio version of the novel on Audible (recorded by Claire Danes in 2012, but with a completely new sound design) Atwood wrote both an afterward discussing the book and its legacy, but also new material that extends the story. The book famously ends with the line â€Å"Are there any questions?† The new material comes in the form of an interview with Professor Piexoto, which is the sort of thing fans dream about. The material is performed by a full cast in the Audible version, giving it a rich, realistic feel. It’s also a little mind-bending, since the ending of the novel makes it clear that the good professor is discussing Offred’s story far in the future, long after Gilead has disappeared, based on audio recordings she left behind, which Atwood herself has noted makes the Audible version appropriate. It’s Not Really Science Fiction ... or Fiction First of all, we should note that Atwood dislikes the term â€Å"science fiction† when applied to her work, and prefers â€Å"speculative fiction.† It might seem like a subtle point, but it makes sense. The Handmaid’s Tale doesn’t actually involve any weird science or anything implausible. A revolution establishes a Theocratic dictatorship that severely limits all human rights (and especially those of women, who are even forbidden to read) while ecological factors reduce the fertility of the human race significantly, resulting in the creation of Handmaids, fertile women who are used for breeding. None of that is particularly sci-fi. Secondly, Atwood has stated that nothing in the book is made-up—in fact, she’s said there is â€Å"... nothing in the book that didn’t happen, somewhere.† That’s part of the chilling power of The Handmaid’s Tale. All you need to do is check out some of the darker areas of the Internet, or even some of the legislative bodies around the country, to see that male attitudes towards women haven’t changed nearly as much as we might like. When the Vice President of the United States won’t have dinner alone with a woman who isn’t his wife, it’s not hard to imagine a world not so different from Atwood’s vision coming around... again. In fact, many seem to have forgotten the 1991 film adaptation of the book, with a script written by Harold Pinter and a cast featuring Natasha Richardson, Faye Dunaway, and Robert Duvall—a film that almost didn’t get made despite the power of those names because the project encountered â€Å"a wall of ignorance, hostility, and indifference,† according to journalist Sheldon Teitelbaum as reported in The Atlantic. He goes on to say that â€Å"Movie executives declined to back the project, stating ‛that a film for and about women †¦ would be lucky if it made it to video.’† Next time you wonder if The Handmaid’s Tale is so far-fetched, consider that statement. Theres a reason women in Texas recently dressed as Handmaids as a form of protest. The Book Is Constantly Under Attack You can often judge the power and influence of a novel by the number of attempts that are made to ban it—another ghostly echo when you consider that women in the novel are forbidden to read. The Handmaid’s Tale was the 37th most-challenged book of the 1990s, according to the American Library Association. As recently as 2015, parents in Oregon complained that the book contained sexually explicit scenes and was anti-Christian, and students were offered an alternative book to read (which is certainly better than an outright ban). The fact that The Handmaid’s Tale continues to be on the receiving end of these sorts of attempts is directly related to how powerful its ideas are. It’s a slippery slide from celebrating supposedly â€Å"traditional values† and gender roles to enforcing those roles in a cruel, humorless, and terrifying way. Atwood has stated that she wrote the novel in part to â€Å"fend off† the grim future she laid out in its pages; with the release of the new Audible material and the Hulu adaptation, hopefully a new generation of people will be inspired to fend off that future as well. The Handmaid’s Tale remains a living, breathing work of potential history that’s well worth reading or listening to.

Argument Research Essay Fracking vs. Offshore Drilling - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 933 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Oil and gas are important catalysts of industrialization, economic growth and important household commodities. The method of obtaining these natural products revolves around onshore fracking and offshore drilling (Jackson et al., 2). Fracking is a type of hydraulic fracturing of shale or bedrocks utilizing high pressures of water, sand and additives in order to obtain natural gas and other petroleum products from underground. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Argument Research Essay: Fracking vs. Offshore Drilling" essay for you Create order Offshore drilling involves mechanical drilling of wellbores below the seabed, continental shelf, lake or inshore water body to explore and extract petroleum products (Al-Azani 3). The essay will analyze the similarities of the offshore drilling and fracking methods and their differences detailing the pros and cons of fracking method of drilling. Fracking and offshore drilling share a number of similarities. First, both methods are aimed and exploring and extracting natural petroleum products from underground bedrocks. Petroleum is formed after years of pressure and heat effect on dead organic matter from overlying rock beds (Davis 2). Drilling of oil therefore involves exploration through seismology, scent detection, physical examination, satellite areal pictures and gravitational studies of the land (Oilscams.org 1). Extraction follows through fracking or conventional vertical offshore drilling. Secondly, both methods require some basic equipment such as exploratory equipment, pumps, pipelines, storage units and transport means. Thirdly, both methods share similar economic advantages to a country through sale of the drilled petroleum products. The two methods have differences in the process and other inherent parameters (Davis 3). The differences between fracking and offshore drilling lies on the process, time, equipment, costs and production capacity.   Fracking incorporates horizontal wells which direct liquids under high pressure to fracture the rocks while offshore drilling utilize vertical drills which burrow the ground for many miles to reach the oil and gas deposits (Al-Azani 4)). In this way fracking is able to unravel petroleum products hidden deep in the rocks that vertical drilling cannot achieve. Fracking therefore, has more production capacity than ordinary offshore drilling due to the fact that more oil can be released from fractured rocks and more wells can be made through the horizontal drill lines. In terms of cost, fracking is less expensive because it is usually onshore as compared to offshore drilling which require longer drilling depths, more equipment and harsher deep water conditions.   On average offshore drilling costs $4-8 million as compared to fracking which use $1-4 million (Oilscams.org 1). Offshore drilling takes a longer time to create wellbores across longer depths of water as compared to fracking. Lastly, offshore drilling utilize more equipment as compared to fracking. Offshore drilling require various platforms such as fixed platforms, compliant towers, sea star systems and spar platforms to mention a few. These platforms require a lot of stability since they traverse water bodies and thus need more equipment as compared to fracking onshore where land provide natural stability (Oilscams.org 2). Fracking Fracking involves use of vertical and horizontal drill lines which utilize high pressure pumps to fracture rock beds and extract oil and gas (Jackson et al., 2). Initially, the wellbores are vertical for substantial length and then turns horizontal to infiltrate many oil sites. Fracking offers a higher production capacity since most of the hidden oil and gas can be obtained through fracturing of rock bed, something that is not possible with conventional drilling methods (Jackson et al., 12). A mixture of water, sand and additives are used to fracture the shale and rocks. Fracking has a number of pros and cons. Pros of Fracking Fracking has positive environmental, social, political and economic impacts. Fracking produces natural gas which decreases overreliance on coal hence reduced carbon dioxide emissions and chemical toxicity of the surface (Jackson et al., 6). Fracking enables a country to create jobs in the gas and oil industries since the process requires manpower as well as positive returns on the sale of oil and gas. This has a positive impact on the country’s economic growth as a whole and local communities where major fracking occurs since fracking companies engage in social responsibilities through provision of social amenities, employment and infrastructural development (Jackson et al., 14). Fracking has a number of disadvantages. Cons of Fracking Fracking can lead to environmental pollution especially water contamination since the additives used can penetrate drinking water aquifers such as biocide, surfactant, polymeric lubricants and stabilizers (Davies 2). There is a possibility of hydraulic fracturing additives and wastes which are carcinogenic to escape into the environment. Fracking can also cause lines of weakness on the earth’s crust and cause earthquakes. Since industries are not allowed to disclose the chemical they use for fracking, the political impact is that local leaders, health officers and other community members cannot successfully voice any concerns or health issues which require compensation or stoppage of fracking processes (Mazur 7). Socially, the water wastage due to high amounts of water contents required for fracking can cause water shortages (Wells 12). Conclusion In conclusion, oil exploration and drilling utilize either fracking or offshore drilling methods. Offshore drilling and fracking share various similarities in terms of functionality of drilling oil and gas from underground, basic equipment and socio-economic impact. The two methods differ in terms of time, productivity, process and cost with fracking producing more oil per station at a shorter time and lesser cost (Oilscams.org 2). Offshore drilling require more equipment and time and cost more due to longer depth of water involved. Basing the argument sorely on fracking, the drilling methods has a number of pros and cons. Fracking reduces environmental emissions, creates employment and promotes economic growth of the country. It however has some pitfalls since it can pollute fresh water aquifers, cause earthquakes and create water shortages (wells 12).

Analysis Of Prince Hamlet By William Shakespeare - 1517 Words

Jean Jacques Rousseau stated that: â€Å"man is born free; but everywhere he lives in chains†. This suggests humankind is only free at the moment of birth and thereafter they live their lives chained down by forces working to hold them back from being who they truly are. Every man and women are shaped not by their freedoms, but by their limitations. This is evident in all types of literature and from observation of the world we live in now. However, I have chosen to analyze Prince Hamlet in Hamlet by William Shakespeare, Winston Smith in 1984 by George Orwell and lastly The Man in The Road by Cormac McCarthy. Throughout the entirety of Hamlet. Hamlet is shaped into a vengeful murderer unable to love or to act sanely due to his father s ghost†¦show more content†¦He then goes on to justify the murder by saying â€Å"A bloody deed. Almost as bad, good mother, As kill a king and marry with his brother.†(3.4, 33) this shows that Hamlet has become completely discoun ted from the real world and only care about revenge for his father because of the insanity brought on from the chain of his father s murder. 1984 is similar to Hamlet in the way that the main character Winston Smith is also chained down by the loss of family, guilt and a longing for love and freedom. During the second part of 1984 Winston has a dream about the days when his mother and sister were still alive and the three of them were seeking shelter in air raid bunkers when a chocolate ration was distributed, Winston however thought all the chocolate should be for him and steal the chocolate from his little sister and runs, his mother yells after him: â€Å"Winston, Winston! Come back! Give your sister back her chocolate†(Orwell, 170) but he does not come back for a few hours, and when he does his mother and sister are gone. This tragedy chains Winston down for years subconsciously tearing him apart and changing how he views himself because he believes he killed his mother a nd sister. Throughout the book Winston talks about the way he must act and the way he must talk if he does not want to be killed or put into a forced labor camp. This constant micro managing of Winston causes him to break certain rules and he eventually ventures into the proles(The lowest class of human)Show MoreRelatedHamlet vs. Oedipus Essay898 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Analysis of Prince Hamlet in Hamlet by William Shakespeare and Oedipus in Oedipus King by Sophocles In Aristotles literary discourse, Poetics, he discusses his theory of tragedy, wherein he introduces the concepts of tragic flaw or hamartia, which serves as the catalyst for the protagonists downfall or the tragedy of the story to happen. He determines a tragedy as a drama that brings about a sorrowful conclusion, arousing fear and pity in the audience (Roberts and JacobsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1482 Words   |  6 Pagesone of William Shakespeare’s most notorious plays, Hamlet, Shakespeare uses multiple scenes filled with drama to add a certain extreme dimension to the play. In a story filled with drama, such as Hamlet, an author attempts to use intense dialogue and actions in order to invoke personal emotions and feelings in the hearts of the audience. Shakespeare attempted to have the audience feel the pain that Hamlet experienced, sense the feelings of revenge that were deep in the heart of the prince, and beRead MoreHamlet Theme Of Death1278 Words   |   6 PagesBeyond the Wall of Death (A analysis of the theme of death in Hamlet, Acts 3-5) â€Å"The undiscovered country, from whose bourn No traveller returns, puzzles the will,† (Shakespeare 144 Act 3 scene 1 lines 86-87). 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In this timeless tragedy, despite Hamletâ€⠄¢s great nobility and knowledge, he has a tragicRead MoreHamlet, Madness or Sanity Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, Madness or Sanity Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, is about a young prince who wants revenge when he learns about the murder of his father. As the play begins, Hamlet’s character appears to be a normal, sane person. Moving through the acts Hamlet’s personality changes from normal to depressed. There are hints of insanity that try to convince people Hamlet is â€Å"mad†. Others might say that Hamlet is faking madness to pursue his goal of revenge. First, he sees a â€Å"ghost† that tells Hamlet whoRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth 1149 Words   |  5 Pagesplaywright, William Shakespeare remains to this very day a man with a past shrouded in mystery. Very few documents provide historians insight on his personal life. In fact, the record of Shakespeare in his earliest years is limited to a mere baptismal record that reveals his birth date to be around April 26, 1564. Fifty-two years later from that day, Shakespeare would be interred at Trinity Church. Bo rn near London in the town of Stratford-upon-Avon as the third child to John Shakespeare, the localRead MoreReligion in Hamlet Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, is one of the most famous tragedies William Shakespeare has ever written. Found throughout Shakespeare’s tragedy are many religious references. According to Peter Milward, the author of Shakespeares Christianity: The Protestant and Catholic Poetics of Julius Caesar, Macbeth, and Hamlet, â€Å"From a purely religious point of view, which is more than just biblical, Hamlet is rich in homiletic material of all kinds, reflecting almost every aspect of the religious

To Kill a Mockingto Kill a Mockingbird Prejudicebird...

To Kill A Mockingbird Prejudice has caused the pain and suffering of others for many centuries. Some examples of this include the Holocaust and slavery in the United States. In to Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee racism was the cause of much agony to the blacks of a segregated South. Along with blacks, other groups of people are judged unfairly just because of their difference from others. The prejudice and bigotry of society causes the victimization of people with differences. Some who are discriminated against are those who are born differently than the majority. One person that is treated unfairly is Calpurnia, as you can see when Aunt Alexandra tried to get Atticus to fire Calpurnia, because in her eyes, Calpurnia wasnt a good enough†¦show more content†¦They are given obstacles that they have to overcome in order to survive. Some people in the world can survive these obstacles, and there are some that just give up. By fighting for your rights, people start to realize t hat character is the important attribute to a person. To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee showed me that the people with differences are not always doing things the wrong way. It is the majority that may be going at it all

Is lottery a good idea free essay sample

Lottery is one of the best things that has ever happened to human kind especially those that dream high and but their dreams don’t come to life because they don’t have what it takes to make it happen. Lotteries are in various categories such as sweep stakes, scratch off, the Jackpot and even the green card lottery. The lottery that is being focused in this argument is the jackpot one. When individuals or people in general buy the lottery ticket their hopes are high, and they anxiously await with anticipation hoping to win. If they don’t win, they never give up, for they know that there is always next time and they keep playing. Some people urge that playing lottery is a bad idea because people end up getting addicted to it, or that it affects them psychologically. They could lose friendships and family members trust in some way. We will write a custom essay sample on Is lottery a good idea or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This could be true to some extent, but the possibilities of what happens after people win the lottery is in their hands. People buy lottery tickets and spend their money on it for all sorts of reasons. They want to pay off their bills, go to vacations, buy a car, or maybe a new home whatever situation they are in people have hope that lottery can fix it. It is some kind of a rescue fantasy. It’s like their money is buying some kind of hope for them. The moment they spent that dollar, they can’t help but to think what their life will be like if they win. Where they will go? What they will buy? The list goes on and on. I urge that lottery is actually a good idea, especially if people are intelligent enough to play wisely, and use the money they’ve won to create a life of endless possibilities. The arguments below are some of the reasons why lottery is a good idea. When individuals play lottery the one and only thing that is in their mind is the money. This is so because in the world we live in, money is the way people get the things they need and want. When the buyer finds out that their ticket has winning numbers, especially the huge jackpot they will jump with joy. The new money will change a lot of things in their life. All of a sudden they have money to buy things they want. This also means that their economic and social status changes too. One example is of a woman in California who won $112 million. She gave her brother and father some money. She also gave some money to a charity program to fund an art program for children. This is one of the examples that people who win the lottery can do so much with the money since their live hood is elevated, they belong to the Elite. Just like this woman, people get happier as their money increases to the level where they are pretty much comfortable. Also their mental well-being improves. Things can only get bad if people fail to plan when they have that winning ticket. The first thing people have to do is to give themselves time to get used to the wealth before they start spending it. They need to plan ahead if they have to do well. They need to decide where they will be in years to come to avoid from â€Å"riches to rags† scenario. People feel overwhelmed if they don’t have a clear life goal. Winners should also be able to have a team of financial and legal advisers. They have to choose a Lawyer and Accountants so they can work together to help them. Carefully check each of them and make sure there is nothing in their files that has been filed against them. People also need to live within their budget, invest wisely, and pay off all the debts they had. That way the will not have too much burden on their heads. They also need to plan to give some of their money. Pastor Binney at winners praise center once said that: â€Å"When people give money away, it makes them feel good and gives them the sense of appreciation on what they have. † The more people give the more the blessing comes their way and the more they feel a sense of security and stability. People also need to invest in making memories for themselves. Appreciate what they have as their life is changing in a better way and their dreams are coming true. Lottery also plays a role in most states. The history of lottery started long time ago in the early history of America. The online gov. info library states that â€Å"Lotteries were frequently used in colonial-era America to finance public works projects such as paving streets, constructing wharves, even building churches. In the 18th century, lotteries were used to finance construction of buildings at Harvard and Yale. † This shows that lottery has been around for a long time. Today, most states have adopted lottery system especially the computerized ones like mega millions and Powerball due to the world advancing technologically. This is so because these states have seen the growth of income that come from lotto. Each state has rules and time frames in which a prize can be claimed. Some states allows people to be anonymous like Ohio while others don’t have that option. For example, in Indiana winners have 90 days before they claim their prize and their identity is revealed. In cases where the winning ticket isn’t claimed, the state will get back all the money that it contributed to the unclaimed jackpot. The money is distributed according to state rules. Even if the winner comes forward, every state that participates in lottery selling benefits from it. The state imposes both federal and state taxes on the winner. Winners have a choice to take a pay out as a lump sum or as an annuity. If the payment is lump sum, taxes are paid out at once and annually if the prize is taken as an annuity. These winnings, of course, are subject to withholding for federal and state purposes. Even if the state doesn’t have a winner, they still benefit from it. After giving out the prizes, whatever the remainder goes to the state, and it’s up to the state to decide what to do with the money. In most states, these lottery proceeds are used for education purposes. For example, in New York, a certain percentage of the state’s total education funding to local school districts come from lottery ticket sales. In California by state law, the money from lottery sales is used to supplement funding to public education on all levels from kindergarten through higher education. That has translated, since 1985, to $25 billion for public education. In Georgia as a result of funding through the lottery, more than 1. 6 million students have been able to attend colleges through Georgia’s HOPE scholarship program and more than 1. 3 million four-year-olds have attended pre-kindergarten. (Forbes writer) In Some states like Texas, they use the money they get from lottery tickets sales and winnings to Fund for Veterans Assistance. Pennsylvania state website states that, â€Å"lottery sales in benefit senior citizen programs. This program involves serving food at the senior centers and as well as delivering them to senior homes. It also helps to lower prescription drugs for senior citizens. Pennsylvania is the only state in the US that use the lottery money especially for this reason. As of last year, lottery sales have provided about 22,700 hot meals for older residents. While in Wisconsin the lottery sales go towards lowering property taxes. In his document Al Runde explained that â€Å"†¦the lottery tax credit has been the primary mechanism for providing property tax relief. † Even though sales tax are not imposed on lottery sales, but the state have an advantage in sales tax increase. These sales taxes are generated from the sales people make when they go to buy a lottery ticket. One might buy a pack of cigarettes, a cup of coffee, or candy at the counter while they’re checking out. Lottery also plays a role in helping to support small business in the country. Lottery retailer gets a percentage from their ticket sales. Hoosier lottery website states that Indiana lottery offers programs that are profitable for retailers including commissions on the sale and redemption of Hoosier Lottery tickets and a bonus for the sale of a jackpot or top prize-winning draw ticket. There are also even opportunities to receive bonus dollars through retailer quarterly incentive programs. One time at Martins supermarket, they were giving people free Powerball tickets when the jackpot reached to the amount of $500 million. This shows that retailers really benefit from these lottery sales because if that has not the case they would not have been giving free tickets. It’s to their benefit. Another benefit of Lottery is found in the jobs created by these lotteries and the program they help to fund. In Oregon, their website states that 27% of Lottery funds are allocated for job creation and economic development, providing assistance for a variety of Oregon’s industries such as: manufacturing, high-tech, agriculture, fisheries, solar, medical, tourism, as well as small businesses. People are able to provide for their kids and loved ones. In conclusion, Frederick D. Stocker writes that â€Å"it now seems that by the end of the decade the lottery and other gambling revenues may be part of the revenue structure in a good many states. † Chances are that whether people chose to play lottery or not they still benefit in one way or the other. The states and the federal government also benefit from it in several ways. As for the individuals who play lotto all they need in enough education to make an adjustment in their lives.

Affirmative Action Paper free essay sample

Discrimination is not only persists in the United States with regard to race, but also in connection with gender. There are many obstacles that women face today that are different from what men face. Expectation regarding stereotyping is subjected to women and men of today. ( Desjaradins, 2008 p, 211) There are several matters that scholars, jurists, and corporate leaders continue to debate. But from Kantian, deontological perspective, agreement on the fundamental rights implied by the following issues and on their appropriate prioritization is not yet universal. From a utilitarian view point, reasonable minds engaged in these ethical issues do not always agree on which resolution might lead towards the greater common good, or even what that good should ultimately be. Distributive justice does not provide a clear-cut solution as each camp can often make an argument for fairness. (Hartman, Desjardins 2008 p, 208) One approach toward discrimination in employment calls for no corporation is governmental intervention. We will write a custom essay sample on Affirmative Action Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many business owners who argued that if the market would leave the decision to the business owner’s discrimination would phase-out. And that is, if a firm hires its employees on the basis of prejudices and discriminatory opinion (like women is not capable of doing the job), this is where they are limiting their search for feature employees. Whereas another employer may not discriminate, can choose from a wider verity will obtain more individuals for the job. This is therefore and opportunity cost to discrimination. The human capital of women and minorities is lost when we deny them opportunities in economy. (Hartman, Desjardin, 2008 p, 209) Reverse discrimination is a term that is used of affirmative action to refer to the policies that the government designed to remedy historical effects of past discrimination. Affirmative action was introduced after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 during the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson. It was to help eradicate the biasness of racial discrimination. President L. B. Johnson said that legal protection for civil rights was not enough to guarantee equal opportunity African Americans, because of the two enturies of segregation and racial attitudes that had deprived them of good education, jobs, and the hampering of their ability to develop necessary skills to compete. President L. B. Johnson believed that the intended action was necessary, therefore issued an executive order in 1965 authorizing affirmative action policies that will recognized the separation of race, gender, ethnicity, religion and age. Affirmative Action, reverse discrimination and comparable worth action be gan as corrective for past governmental and social injustices against human population that was subjective to prejudice. These groups are classified by the color of their skin or ethnicity. Affirmative action has increased the representation worldwide population in fields of study a work in which they have believe to be biased. (Kelloug, J. C. 2006) There are opponents of affirmative action who said that the reverse in reverse discrimination indicates that normal discrimination is an attribute to majority. Thus when racial discrimination is targeted at the majority instead of non-whites it is reverse. This is considered a misnomer since racial discrimination is discrimination against any human being, including white ones on the basis of race or color. Ezorsky, G. 1999) Many advocates believed that using reverse or positive as qualification was criticized as diminishing the significance of this kind of discrimination, because it seems to imply a special status for ordinary discrimination against women and minorities. (Ezorsky, G. 1999) Affirmative action is still controversial today as in the late 1970 where the majority began to bring legal challenges against what was called reverse discrimination. They argue that the Civil Right Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination against individuals, not groups. And that affirmative action constituted reverse discrimination. Here is an example of reverse discrimination that was challenged in Regents of University of California, (University of California Vs. Bkke 1978). In this case, twice he was denied admission to University of California at Davis Medical School’s despite better grades and test scores than successful minority applicants. In this case the Supreme Court ruled that the University of California at Davis Medical School’s set-aside policy that reversed sixteen places each year for minority applicant and that was a violation of the equal protection clause of the U. S. Constitution. Therefore the court found that promoting members of any one group for no reason other than race or ethnic origin is discrimination. And the court acknowledge, that affirmative action was permissible if past discrimination had existed and if minority statue was but one of several consideration in admission process. (Bell, H. Nov. 2000) After Bkke, the Supreme Court uses extreme caution in conducting claims of reverse discrimination, upholding some affirmative action policies and condemning others. In 1968, the court was rejected by a six to three majority the Regan administration’s argued that racial preferences should never be used except to redress actual victims of discrimination, stating that race should not be an automatic remedy but that race-conscious remedies may be appropriate where necessary to break up the lingering effects of pervasive discrimination. Then by 1980s the court began handing down decisions that gave much greater weigh to reverse discrimination claims. The court limited states use of racial preferences policies, and in the Adarand constructors vs. Pena (1995), the court ruled that federal affirmative action programs is unconstitutional unless they fulfilled a compelling interest. (Reverse Discrimination, 2001) Here are a few reverse discrimination cases the Supreme Court heard and ruled on. In a potentially influential case, white and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Conn, made a claim of racial bias in promotion. They won and the court s said â€Å"No individual should face workplace discrimination based on race,† (Barnes, R. June 3, 2009) The case where the Federal Aviation Admn. Denied Michael C.