Thursday, November 28, 2019

A Complete Guide to Parentheses and Brackets

A Complete Guide to Parentheses and Brackets A Complete Guide to Parentheses and Brackets A Complete Guide to Parentheses and Brackets By Mark Nichol This post discusses the functions of parentheses and brackets, which are used to set off portions of text from the whole for various purposes. Parentheses, almost exclusively appearing in pairs, are usually employed in the same manner as a pair of commas or dashes, though they suggest de-emphasis of the content within (as opposed to commas, which convey a neutral insertion of information, and dashes, which highlight the text between them). Parentheses, in addition to being employed to interject examples or a brief digression, enclose an abbreviation, acronym, or initialism or a translation, or a numerical equivalent of a spelled-out number. They also set off a cross-reference, as in â€Å"For more details, read the associated case study (pages 113–119)† or â€Å"Gene therapy is discussed briefly here. (See chapter 12 for more information.)† Parentheses may frame a plural ending to indicate that a word can be read as either singular or plural, as in â€Å"Enter the title(s) of the document(s) on the asset list,† or to allow for a gender-neutral reading, as in â€Å"Next, (s)he should consult with an adviser.† Note that one of a pair of parentheses is called a parenthesis. This term also pertains in general to setting text off from other text regardless of which punctuation signals the separation. (Two or more instances of parenthesis might be referred to as parentheses.) Text that is set off by complementary punctuation marks is sometimes (including often in posts on this site) referred to as a parenthetical phrase, or simply a parenthetical. A single close parenthesis is sometimes used in place of a period when enumerating, as in â€Å"The three types of rock are 1) igneous, 2) metamorphic, and 3) sedimentary.† (An open parenthesis is not used in isolation.) A few more guidelines about parentheses follow: Parentheses should not be used in immediate proximity to each other or within another set of parentheses; in the latter case, use brackets instead (or commas or dashes). Avoid including more than one sentence, or including an extensive sentence, within parentheses. Avoid situating a complete sentence in parentheses within another sentence. Avoid using parentheses too frequently. Consider employing commas or dashes instead, or otherwise revising text so that parentheses do not appear repeatedly in one piece of content. Parentheses framing text in italics, boldface, or another style treatment differing from the default text should not share that formatting, but should rather be in the the same type as the surrounding text. A complete sentence within parentheses should end with a period or other terminal punctuation before the close parenthesis, and the preceding text should be followed by terminal punctuation: â€Å". . . then it is fair game. (There are always exceptions, of course.)† If text enclosed in parentheses does not comprise a complete sentence and ends a framing sentence, the terminal punctuation of the framing sentence should immediately follow the close parenthesis. â€Å". . . then it is fair game (with exceptions).† Text in parentheses in the midst of a sentence is not punctuated, regardless of whether it is a complete sentence (unless the terminal punctuation is a question mark or an exclamation point), and the first word of a complete sentence in parentheses is not capitalized: â€Å". . . then (there are always exceptions, of course) it is fair game.† â€Å". . . then (with exceptions) it is fair game.† Bracket, in American English, refers to square brackets. (In British English, the term pertains to round brackets, or what in American English are called parentheses.) Brackets have limited uses, including adding contextual information within quoted material â€Å"She spoke to [Smith],† where the bracketed text replaces one or more spoken words to provide clarity (in this example, replacing the vague him) or to add a word or phrase omitted in the spoken or written quotation. Sometimes, the replaced word or phrase is retained, as in â€Å"She spoke to him [Smith],† but this unnecessary. when framing the word sic (â€Å"thus†), borrowed from Latin, confirming that in quoted material, an error or confusing wording is faithfully reproduced from the original text and not a transcription error, as in â€Å"The comment read, ‘You are definately [sic] out of your mind.’† (Note that sic is italicized, but the brackets are not.) parenthesizing within parentheses, as in â€Å"Submit form 13F (Petition for Appeal [formerly titled Petition for Grievance]) within thirty days.† (When possible, revise sentences to avoid this type of construction.) clarifying, in formal writing, that the first letter of quoted material is, the source material, in a different case, as in â€Å"[A]s you would have others do unto you† is the gist of the admonition,† where the quoted material is the second half of the original statement and, thus, as is lowercase in the source text. framing ellipses to indicate that a word or phrase has been omitted, although generally, the ellipses on their own are sufficient. modifying a quotation, perhaps for grammatical agreement, when partially paraphrasing, as when â€Å"I agree with his account of the incident, as improbable as it sounds,† is reported, â€Å"He said that he ‘agrees[s] with his account of the incident, as improbable as it sounds.’† Parentheses and brackets both have distinct functions in computing, linguistics, math, and science contexts that are not described here. In addition, similar symbols include curly brackets {/} and angle brackets , which have specialized uses not discussed in this post. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant Names50 Synonyms for â€Å"Idea†Preposition Mistakes #1: Accused and Excited

Monday, November 25, 2019

Free Essays on Green Is The Colour

A critic has made the following observation about Fernando’s Green is the Colour: Clearly, the central concern (of the novel) is how people of different races, the heirs of colonial and migrant histories, face the challenges of living side by side.† Does this comment function, for you, as an adequate summation of the novel’s thematic concerns? In Fernando’s Green is the Colour, there is no doubt that the central concern is about how people of different races face the challenges of living side by side. However, besides this, readers should also look beyond this central concern to unearth Fernando’s other concerns regarding the country’s future from various aspects. Although this novel was written in the setting of post 13 May 1969, its thematic concerns are also applicable to the Malaysian society of today. As long as Malaysia has not achieved true success in the formation of a common â€Å"Bangsa Malaysia† identity, the issues grappled by Fernando in this story will remain relevant to the Malaysians. In this novel, Fernando brings out the problems that plague the three main races at that period of time. To Fernando, it is important to address the problems that all races are facing if we want to achieve a Malaysia that is united from every aspect. It is also Fernando’s intention to highlight these issues as he wants his readers of different races to understand the situation and also the plight of their fellow Malaysians who are of different backgrounds. Even for Malaysians of today, it would be good to understand the history of each other’s culture, so that better understanding among each other could be forged to open the way up for Fernando’s dialogic vision for the nation, which according to Mohammad A. Quayum in â€Å"Shaping a New Destiny with Dialogic Vision†, â€Å"accommodates widely different outlooks for the sake of promoting fellowship and peace† (169). Through this novel, Fernando highlights the probl... Free Essays on Green Is The Colour Free Essays on Green Is The Colour A critic has made the following observation about Fernando’s Green is the Colour: Clearly, the central concern (of the novel) is how people of different races, the heirs of colonial and migrant histories, face the challenges of living side by side.† Does this comment function, for you, as an adequate summation of the novel’s thematic concerns? In Fernando’s Green is the Colour, there is no doubt that the central concern is about how people of different races face the challenges of living side by side. However, besides this, readers should also look beyond this central concern to unearth Fernando’s other concerns regarding the country’s future from various aspects. Although this novel was written in the setting of post 13 May 1969, its thematic concerns are also applicable to the Malaysian society of today. As long as Malaysia has not achieved true success in the formation of a common â€Å"Bangsa Malaysia† identity, the issues grappled by Fernando in this story will remain relevant to the Malaysians. In this novel, Fernando brings out the problems that plague the three main races at that period of time. To Fernando, it is important to address the problems that all races are facing if we want to achieve a Malaysia that is united from every aspect. It is also Fernando’s intention to highlight these issues as he wants his readers of different races to understand the situation and also the plight of their fellow Malaysians who are of different backgrounds. Even for Malaysians of today, it would be good to understand the history of each other’s culture, so that better understanding among each other could be forged to open the way up for Fernando’s dialogic vision for the nation, which according to Mohammad A. Quayum in â€Å"Shaping a New Destiny with Dialogic Vision†, â€Å"accommodates widely different outlooks for the sake of promoting fellowship and peace† (169). Through this novel, Fernando highlights the probl...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The History of Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The History of Love - Essay Example The novel has two main characters who also act as narrators of their specific sections. The first narrator is Leo Gursky, an 80year old Polish immigrant in New York. We are first introduced to Leo Gursky when he believes his life is coming to an end, living alone in a small apartment in Manhattan â€Å"I often wonder who will be the last person to see me alive. If I had to bet, I’d bet on the delivery boy from the Chinese takeout. I order in four nights out of seven. Whenever he comes, I make a big production of finding my wallet. He stands in the door holding the greasy bag while I wonder if this is the night I’ll finish off my spring roll, climb into bed, and have a heart attack in my sleep†(Krauss 3). He is scared of dying on a day when nobody has noticed him and says and believes he has to persuade himself of his existence by making himself noticeable. This drives him to mildly attention-seeking behavior like creating a disturbance by dropping his change in a shop or trying on shoes that he does not intend to buy. Gursky passes for a man without much of a life, but we later learn that he was once a man very rich in art and love. He was once in love with a woman called Alma back in Poland, but due to the chaos and tragedy of war while making his way to America, he is separated from his true love Alma who ends up marrying somebody else. Leo’s art is manifested when we are told of a novel he wrote in Poland, The History of Love, but entrusted it to his friend Zvi Litvinoff who later told him that it was lost. The second character is Alma Singer a fourteen year old girl living with her widowed mother, Charlotte and her brother. We later learn that Alma was named after the heroine of a book her father, David singer loved and that Leo Gursky’s book was not lost after all but it was published in Spanish in Chile and that’s how it ended up in the hands of David singer Charlottes’ husband. Alma’s mother is tran slating a novel called The History of love she was given by her husband from Spanish to English. Krauss’s novel centers on the book that was written by Leo in Yiddish, in which all the girls are named after his love Alma. According to Gursky, just the same way Eve was the first woman in the bible is the same way Alma will be the first girl (Krauss 38). As Alma grows up, she is determined to find the real life Alma whom she was named after. Her detective work spurred after a mysterious stranger sends her mum a letter requesting her to translate the Spanish version of â€Å"the history of love† into English. She sets out to bring back her mother into loving again and decides that the mysterious stranger who commissioned the translation of the history of love into English might be a love interest for her mother and she does sets to find out who the stranger could be. As the novel progresses, we start to get passages from Gursky's novel laid out within the Krauss’s novel. Krauss is able to connect the two levels of fiction - the novel within and the novel without. Gursky’s tone is a disappointed, dry voice while Alma's tone is more engaged and naive with most of her expedition written as a comedy. In the young Alma's story we find a charming girl emerging into adulthood

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Ethics Paper (Intrapreneurship) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics Paper (Intrapreneurship) - Essay Example Ethics and Business As per the chapter under consideration that is Chapter One in Making Innovations Work, the authors, nowhere appear to be visibly, directly and discernibly identifying ethics as a driving force in business innovation. In the context of innovation, the authors in the chapter under consideration have amply touched on varied precursors of innovation like leadership, business strategy and mentality, pragmatism, change management, networking and incentives. However, the authors have visibly failed to touch on the ethical dilemmas and problems associated with these aspects of business. The authors have approached the issue of innovation in a format that seems to be mechanically systematic, without delving deeper into the problems that may arise while taking decisions that may seem to challenge the established ethics and morals. The authors have also failed to extend a set of viable and reasonable principles that an organization needs to hold sacrosanct, while opting for innovation and change. Innovation, by its very nature is a process that is bound to challenge the established ethics in a plethora of ways. Ethics and Innovation Strategy There is no denying the fact that ethics should play a major role in the innovation strategy of a company or organization. Businesses constitute a part of the society, and hence must stick to ethical norms and values while pursuing innovation to maintain trustworthiness both within and in a larger social context (Oden, 1997, p. 4). Any business is a sub-system within a larger system called society. A viable business responds to this responsibility in a variety of ways like vying to protect the interests of the shareholders, by being transparent, by being sensitive to the expectations and aspirations of its employees, by being committed to enhancing efficiency, by being responsible towards environmental concerns, and the like. Besides, business ethics play a pivotal role in the context of decisional freedom associat ed with any innovation strategy (Oden, 1997, p. 7). Hence, it is the business ethics that extend a viable framework for balancing the varied interests and values tagged to any innovation strategy. Rewriting the Rules of Innovation â€Å"The Rules of Innovation† presented in Chapter one could be rewritten to bring in an ethical dimension into the overall innovation strategy of a business: 1. Exert strong leadership on the innovation strategy and compliance with the agreed upon ethics and moral constraints within an organization. 2. Integrate innovation and ethical compliance as unexceptional constituents of the company’s business mentality. 3. Aligning the amount and type of innovation with a distinct regard for ethical conduct and behavior. 4. Well managing the natural tension that exists between creativity, profitability and ethical conduct 5. Retaining a strong ethical sense of direction, while doing away with the superfluous routines and cultural norms. 6. Forging a n innovation oriented network both within and without, based on the respect for the values and aspirations of all the stakeholders associated with this network. 7. Giving way to apt rewards and incentives to encourage innovation, without relying on the negative stimuli like fear, power politics and threats. Ethical Impact Inculcation of an ethical component within each of â€Å"

Monday, November 18, 2019

The History of Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The History of Advertising - Essay Example This discussion stresses that there are many reasons for this like, culture, wealth, availability of credit and of course product promotion. This paper looks at these habits on the basis of an important chapter in the history of advertising. The advertising industry was shaken up by a man called William Bernbach. His most notable achievements were the ads produced by his company for the German automaker Volkswagen, soon after their introduction in the US. The work here will study some of the features of the module and its relation to the advertisements of Bernbach for Volkswagen.   From this paper it is clear that William Bernbach and his colleague Ned Doyle and Maxwell Dane formed the advertising agency named Doyle Dane Bernbach (DDB) in 1949. This agency created the revolutionary ad campaigns for the 1950s and 1960s.The Volkswagen campaign was regarded as one of the best campaign because it increased the sales of the Volkswagen car. â€Å"This ad campaign established the Volkswagen brand as a marker for nonconformity.† Bernbach’s advertising strategy was to trey to keep customers rather than attracting the attention of those who were not interested in the product. Bernbach understood that an advertisement didn’t sell a product and he formulated innovative styles in printing the advertisements. Their idea was to give simplicity in print advertisements. These advertisements were entirely different from the familiar advertisements which gave importance to the American automobile’s powerful engines, and large size etc. The Volkswagen a dvertisements urged people to buy a car which they could drive cheaply.  

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Project Assignment On Doubly And Circular Linked Lists Engineering Essay

Project Assignment On Doubly And Circular Linked Lists Engineering Essay As a computer engineer I would like to deal with this topic following a step by step approach. Before going into the details and the programs of doubly and circular linked lists we need to concentrate upon the meaning of the term linked list. The meaning of the terminology link list can further be dealed by dividing it into chunks .In a laymans term a link list is a logical collection of data stored in a systems memory in which every record that is the part of the given list has a pointer or link part that contains the address of the next record .This is how it works! Linked lists are used to organize data in specific desired logical orders, independent of the memory address each record is assigned to. Firstly, we would discuss linked lists in the terms of singly linked lists or what we call as SLLs .SLLs can be thought to be non-contiguous block of memory consisting of finite number of nodes with the address of the successor node stored in the link part of the preceding node. Each node has a DATA part and a LINK part. DATA PART STORES THE ACTUAL DATA ELEMENT WHILE THE LINK PART CONTAINS THE ADRESS OF THE NEXT NODE i.e. THE ONE JUST AFTER THAT NODE EXCEPT FOR THE LAST NODE THAT DOESNT POINT TO ANYTHING OR WE CAN SAY NULL. This is depicted in the following diagram:- But to beginners this may sound confusing that if one node stores the address of the next node then where is the address of the first node stored? However this question isnt a big deal .To counter this problem we allocate memory for a dummy node that will store the address of the first node .This head or the dummy node has only the link part (and not the data part).This node is always supposed to point to the first node of the list. OPERATIONS POSSIBLE WITH SLLs CREATE CREATING THE LIST FOR THE FIRST TIME. INSERT INSERTING AN ELEMENT TO THE EXISTING LIST. DELETE DELETING AN ELEMENT FROM THE EXISTING LIST. SEARCH SEARCHING AN ELEMENT FROM THE EXISTING LIST. REMEMBER: SLLs CAN BE TRAVERSED UNIDIRECTIONALLY ONLY i.e. ONLY IN FORWARD DIRECTION. Since this assignment deals with doubly and circular linked list the programs on SLLs wont be discussed in detail. Only program on creating a SLL is included :- THIS IS SIMPLE FUNCTION IN C++ DEPICTING HOW TO CREATE A SINGLY LINKED LIST STRUCT nodeT { INT data; nodeT* link; }; nodeT* BUILD() { nodeT *first=NULL,*new node; INT num; COUT CIN>>num; WHILE(num !=178) { New node =new nodeT; //create a node ASSERT (new node! =NULL); //program end if memory not allocated New node -> data =num; //stores the data in the new node New node ->link =first; //put new node at the start of list First= new node; //update the dummy pointer of the list Cin>>num ;}; //read the next number RETURN first;}// this program is also called building list from backwards ITS OUTPUT CAN BE SEEN AS IN BELOW BLOCK DIAGRAM C:Usersthe PANKESHAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE57OPVY3E3MCj01978470000[1].wmf As we have discussed earlier that linked lists are such data structures that contain linked nodes each containing a DATA part and a LINK part. But contrary to SLLs, in doubly linked lists each node has two link parts one to store the address of the succeeding node and the other for the preceding node. This makes doubly linked lists bidirectional i.e. they can be traversed in either direction, forward or backward. This is shown in the following diagram:- NODE 3 NODE 2 NODE 1 But there is a disadvantage to the use of doubly linked lists also, that is it requires more of memory space per node as two pointers will be needed but their advantage of sequential access in either direction make its manipulation quite easier which overcome its former shortcoming. C:Usersthe PANKESHAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE57OPVY3E3MPj04424300000[1].jpg OPERATIONS DONE ON DOUBLY LINKED LISTS ARE ALMOST THE SAME AS THAT ON SLLs BUT HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED IN DETAIL HERE  Ã… ¸ CREATING AN EMPTY LIST  Ã… ¸ ADDING A NODE AT THE END  Ã… ¸ ADDING A NODE IN THE BEGINNING  Ã… ¸ DELETING A NODE IN THE BEGINNING  Ã… ¸ DELETING A NODE AT THE END  Ã… ¸ FORWARD TRAVERSAL  Ã… ¸ REVERSE TRAVERSAL  Ã… ¸ INSERTING A NODE AT A SPECIFIC PLACE  Ã… ¸ DELETING A LIST MISCELLENEOUS: USE OF CONSTRUCTORS IN DOUBLY LINKED LISTS IF THE LINKED LIST IS MADE USING CLASSES INSTEAD OF STRUCTURES THEN DEFAULT CONSTRUCTORS CAN BE USED TO INITIALISE THE WHOLE LIST TO A PARTICULAR VALUE EG: IT SETS FIRST AND LAST TO NULL AND COUNT TO 0. SYNTAX: Template Doubly_linked_list::doubly_linked_list() { first=null; Last=null; Count=0; } ; FOLLOWING IS A C++ PROGRAM DEPICTING ALL THE OPERATIONS MENTIONED ABOVE THAT CAN BE PERFORMED USING DOUBLY LINKED LISTS #include // header files in c++ #include typedef struct doubly //self referential structure for making a linked list { int info; struct doubly*frwd; //frwd and back are the two pointers of the linked list struct doubly*back; } node; //node is a global object void create empty (node**frwd,node**back) //create empty is to set the pointers to null { *frwd=*back=NULL; } void add_at_end(node**frwd,node**back,int element) // add_at_end is to add a node in the end { node*ptr; ptr=new node; ptr->info=element; ptr->frwd=NULL; if(*frwd==NULL) { ptr->back=NULL; *frwd=ptr; *back=ptr; } else { ptr->back=*back; (*back)->frwd=ptr; *back=ptr; } } void add_at_beg(node**frwd,node**back,int item) // add_at_beg is to add a node in the start { node*ptr; ptr=new node; ptr->info=item; ptr->back=(node*)NULL; ptr->frwd=*frwd; if(*frwd==(node*)NULL; *back=ptr; *frwd=ptr; } void delete_at_beg(node**frwd,node**back) // delete_at_beg is to delete a node in the start } node*ptr; if(*frwd==(node*)NULL) return(); if((frwd))->frwd==(node*)NULL) { ptr=*frwd; *frwd=*back=(node*)NULL; delete(ptr): } else { ptr=*frwd *frwd=(*frwd->frwd;(*frwd)->back=(node*)NULL; delete(ptr); }} void delete_at_end(node**frwd,node**back)) // delete_at_beg is to delete a node in the end { node*ptr; if(*frwd==(node*)NULL) return; if((*frwd)->frwd==(node*)NULL) { ptr=*frwd; *frwd=*back=(node*)NULL delete (ptr); } else { ptr=*back; *back=ptr->back; (*back)->frwd=(node*)NULL; delete(ptr); }} void inordertrav(node*)NULL; // inordertrav is to traverse the list in the forward direction { while(frwd!=NULL) { printf(%d,frwd->info); frwd=frwd->frwd; } } void reverse ordertrav(node*back) // reverseordertrav is to traverse the list in the back direction { while(back!=node*)NULL) { coutinfo; back=back->back; } } node*search(node*frwd,int item) //search is to search a given element in the list { while(!=(node*)NULL frwd->info!=item) frwd=frwd->frwd; return frwd; } // insert-after-node is to insert a node at a specified position after the provided node void insert-after-node(node**frwd,node**frwd,int item,int after) { node*loc,*ptr; ptr=new node; ptr->info=item; loc=*frwd; loc=search(loc,after); if(loc==(node*)after) { cout return; } else if(loc->frwd==(node*)NULL) { ptr->frwd=(node*)NULL; ptr->frwd=ptr; *frwd=ptr; } else { ptr->frwd=loc->frwd; ptr->back=loc; (loc->frwd)->pre=ptr; loc->frwd=ptr; } } // insert-before-node is to insert a node at a specified position before the provided node void insert-before-node(node**frwd,int item,int before) { node*ptr,*loc; ptr=new node; ptr->info=item; loc=*frwd; loc=search(loc,before); if(loc==(node*)NULL { cout return; } else if(loc->back==(node*)NULL) { ptr->back=(node*)NULL: loc->back=ptr; ptr->frwd=*frwd; *frwd=ptr; } else { ptr->back=loc->back; ptr->frwd=loc; (loc->back)->frwd=ptr; loc->back=ptr; } } void delete-list(node**frwd**frwd) //delete-list is to destroy the created list { node*ptr; while(*frwd!=(node*)NULL) { ptr=*frwd; *frwd=(*frwd)->frwd; (*frwd)->back=(node*)NULL; delete(ptr); } * frwd=(node*)NULL; } void main() { node,*frwd,*frwd; int ch,element,after; create_empty(frwd,back); while(1) { cout cout cout cout cout cout cout cout cout cout cout cin>>ch; switch(ch) { case 1: cout cin>>element; add_at_end(frwd,back,element); getch(); break; case 2: cout cin>>element; add_at_beg(frwd,back,element); break; case 3: in ordertrav(frwd); getch(); break; case 4: reverse-order-trav(back); getch(); break; case 5: cout cin>>after; cout cin>>element; insert-after-node(frwd,back,element,after); break; case 6: cout cin>>after; cout cin>>element; insert-before-node(frwd,element,after); break; case 7: delete-at-beg(frwd,back); break; case 8: delete-at-end(frwd,back); break; case 9: delete-list(frwd,back); break; case 10: exit(); } } } SOME INTERESTING FACTS :- One byte means 8 bits and a nibble means 4 bits. First hard disk available was of 5MB Ethernet is the registered trademark of Xerox. Google uses over 10000 network computers to crawl the web Google can be queried in 26 languages The floppy disk was patented by Allen sugar in 1946. More than 80% of web pages are in English. 88% percent web pages have very low traffic rate. An average American is dependent on 250 computers. Internet is most fastest growing platform for advertisement. About one third of CDs are pirated About 76% soft wares used in India are pirated. Only 10% of the WebPages are used by the search engines I feeling Lucky This button is used by negligible number of people on net. CONTINUED.. CIRCULAR LINKED LIST A circularly linked list is just like representing an array that are supposed to be naturally circular ,e.g. in this a pointer to any node serves as a handle to the whole list. With a circular list, a pointer to the last node gives easy access also to the first node ,by following one link. Using circular lists one has access to both ends of the list. A circular structure allows one to handle the structure by a single pointer, instead of two. Thus we see ,all nodes are linked in a continuous circle form without using any NULL pointer in the last node. Here the next node after the last node is the first node .Elements can be added to the back of the list and removed from the front in a constant period of time. We can classify circularly linked lists into two kinds- singly linked and doubly linked. Both types have advantage of its own .either of them has the ability to traverse the full list beginning at any given node. this helps us to avoid storing any FIRSTnode  Ã‚ « LASTnode ,although if the list is empty there dwells a need of a special representation for the empty list, such as a LASTnode variable which points to some node in the list or is NULL if it is empty; we use such a LASTnode here. This representation simplifies adding and removing nodes with a non-empty list, but empty lists are then a special case. See following figure:- FOLLOWING PROGRAM DEPICTS THE USE OF DOUBLY LINKED CIRCULAR LIST #include #include class C_link //DEFINING A CLASS THAT { struct node //SELF REFERENTIAL STRUCTURE node { int data; node *frwd; node *back; }*new1,*head,*tail,*ptr,*temp; //GLOBAL OBJECTS REQUIRED FOR OPERATIONS public: C_link() { head=tail=NULL; } void CREATE(); //CREATE() ,INSERT(), DELETE(), DISPLAYING() are the various functions void INSERT(); //that we operate using circular linked lists void DELETE(); void DISPLAYING(); }; void C_link :: CREATE() //defining the CREATE() function to create a list { if(head==NULL) { new1=new node; new1->frwd=NULL; new1->back=NULL; cout cin>>new1->data; head=new1; tail=new1; head->frwd=tail; head->back=tail; tail->frwd=head; tail->back=head; } else cout } void C_link :: INSERT() //INSERT() function for inserting a new node {int i,pos; new1=new node; new1->frwd=NULL; new1->back=NULL; cout cin>>new1->data; cout cin>>pos; if(pos==1) {new1->frwd=head; head=new1; tail->back=head; tail->frwd=head; head->back=tail; } else { i=1; temp=head; while(i frwd!=tail) {i++; temp=temp->frwd; } if(temp->frwd==tail) { new1->frwd=tail->frwd; tail->frwd=new1; new1->back=tail; tail=new1; head->back=tail; } else { new1->frwd=temp->frwd; new1->back=temp; temp->frwd=new1; new1->frwd->back=new1; }}} void C_link:: DELETE() //DELETE() function for deleting a particular node { int pos,i; cout cin>>pos; if(pos==1 head!=tail) {ptr=head; head=head->frwd; head->back=tail; tail->frwd=head; delete ptr; } else { i=1; temp=head; while(i frwd!=tail) { i++; temp=temp->frwd; } if(temp->frwd!=tail) { ptr=temp->frwd; temp->frwd=ptr->frwd; ptr->frwd->back=ptr->back; delete ptr; } else { if(temp->frwd==tail head!=tail) { ptr=tail; tail=temp; tail->frwd=head; head->back=tail; delete ptr; } else { head=NULL; tail=NULL; delete head; delete tail; }}}} void C_link::DISPLAYING() // DISPLAYING() function is used to DISPLAYING the list in either direction {int ch; cout cout cout?; cin>>ch; switch(ch) { case 1: if(head!=NULL) { temp=head; while(temp!=tail) { coutdata temp=temp->frwd; } if(temp==tail) coutdata; } break; case 2 : if(tail!=NULL) { temp=tail; while(temp!=head) { coutdata temp=temp->back; } if(temp==head) coutdata; } break; }} main() { C_link c1; int ch; char op; do {cout cout cout ?; cin>>ch; switch(ch) { case 1 : c1.CREATE(); break; case 2 : c1.INSERT(); break; case 3 : c1.DELETE(); break; case 4 : c1.DISPLAYING(); break; } cout ?; //while loop In case the user want to continue using cin>>op; //the functions that are declared formerly }while(op==y || op==Y); getch(); } OUTPUT: 1.on pressing F9 ass4.jpg 2.on pressing option 1 and entering 09173 now2.jpg Continuedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 3.pressing y and selecting option 2 ;entering 09175 ;storing at pos 2 now3.jpg 4.pressing y and selecting option 3 ;enter pos 1 now4.jpg 5.pressing y and selecting option 4 and then 1 ow6.jpg Note: Number is 09175 ~ 9175 CONCLUSION THIS ASSIGNMENT PURELY DESCRIBES HOW DOUBLY AND CIRCULAR LISTS CAN BE USED .WHERE DOUBLY USED TWO POITNTERS FOR THE SEQUENTIAL ACCESS OF THE NODES THE CIRCULAR LISTS MAY EITHER BE SINGLY LINKED OR DOUBLY LINKED DEPENDING UPON HOW IT SUITS OUR PURPOSE.THIS MAKES LINKED LIST AN IMPORTANT KIND OF DATA STRUCTURE.IT CAN BE USED TO IMPLEMENT BOTH STACKS AND QUEUES ALSO WHICH WE WILL STUDY ON LATER PART. THANKS.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

How the Castillo and Mother Church Work Urbanistically :: Mexican Cities Churches Architecture Essays

How the Castillo and Mother Church Work Urbanistically   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The role of the city is to be the center of economic, political, and cultural movement. Cities have a dense population compared to the area, so careful planning must go into its development. In the U.S. alone, 55% of the population lives in cities with more than 1,000,000 people, 78% in cities with more than 100,000, and less that 3% live in agricultural areas (Angotti, Tomas. 1993). Since it is so crucial for a city with countless numbers of inhabitants to work properly, there has to be certain building types to facilitate the lives of the people. One of the most important building types is the temple. Temples through out time usually work very similarly urbanistically in the sense that they are centers of religious practice and located in key areas. A temple is a symbol of the culture; it represents the people’s beliefs and how devoted they are to them. Temples have usually been elaborate and large scale; examples of this include the Temple of Kukulkà ¡n in Chichà ©n Itzà ¡, Mexico, and the Mother Church in Boston, Massachusetts. The Temple of Kukulkà ¡n and the Mother Church in Boston are strikingly similar in many ways, including architecturally and how they are used by the people of the city.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ was once one of the most powerful kingdoms of pre-Columbian America. In the time between the end of the Classic and beginning of Post-Classic period of Mayan history, around 800c.e. to 1100c.e, it was an important city for local politics, religion, and trade and was crucial to the Mesoamerican social structure. Since this city was so constantly populated, it had to be intricately designed. In order for this complex city to work, careful planning and organization had to go into the urban development in order to make this culturally diverse society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The history of Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ is quite unique when compared to other Mayan cities. Its architectural influences come from two different sources. Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ began in the Middle to Late Classic period when some of its Puuc and early Maya structures were built. The Puuc architectural style came from the hilly region west of Chichà ©n Itzà ¡, and consisted of buildings with different proportions and construction than the future buildings in the north of Chichà ©n Itzà ¡. Puuc buildings have rubble-filled concrete walls faced by a thin veneer of dressed stone. The exterior walls have plain lower facades supporting upper facades decorated with religious masks and geometric designs.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Property law consultant Essay

This is in reference to your query about legal advice with respect to your property which is currently occupied by three tenants apart from you. This letter explains in detail about each tenant rights, terms and conditions which are legally referenced and relevant to your tenants, residing in ground floor, middle floor and top floor. A view on UK property law, rights and obligations of landlord is provided to you for your understanding and also about your convenient decision making in the matters of your property and also how to deal with your tenants in legal framework. There is also a clear analysis about legal relationship that exists between you and your tenants. First of all, it is important to take a clear note on responsibility of landlord over the property. The said property of Georgian Town House has been taken for a lease period of 25 years and only a period of 9 years have been completed and there are still 16 more years for the expiry of lease period. Therefore, this gives out a fact that it is important to maintain the leased premises. It is a also a fact that you travel on a holiday spending most of your time within and outside UK making it necessary that premises have to be absolutely in tact even in your absence for the convenience of tenants as well to keep the premises out of dilapidation. UK property law clearly states that landlord must undertake repairs to the property whenever required in the structure of the property. The connections of gas, hot water, electrical appliances, common areas and furnitures have to be strictly administered by the landlord. This emphasizes that as a landlord, carrying out repairs wherever required is not only required by property law of UK whereas it is also an act of meeting the obligations and requirements of tenants. Three of your tenants stated that central stairwell which is commonly used by all of you is completely dilapidated and the tenants have been complaining demanding repairs, painting and to establish re-connections of lighting. Please understand that you as landlord have to meet and comply with the UK property laws and any violation to the laws would be seriously viewed inviting penalties. Now, moving on from your rights and obligations as landlord, the next would be a detailed discussion about each tenant and legal relationship that exist between you as landlord and your tenants. Groundfloor – Taxi cab A written agreement of â€Å"licence to occupy† which came into effect on 1. 5. 2008 and as per the agreement taxi cab firm must pay ? 10,000. The taxi cab presently pays a sum of ? 2500 for every three months. The legal relationship between taxi cab and you is that of a tenant and a landlord. Tax cab is responsile for paying the stated sum as rent regularly and tenant is also responsible for bills of gas, electricity, telephone as per the written agreement and further taxes must be regularly paid apart from water and sewerage charges. Taxi cab written agreement expires on 30. 4. 2011 as the agreement is for a period of three years. Therefore it is important to abide by the requests of repair or renovation as required by the taxi cab firm with the fact that lease agreement must be fully complied with meeting the all the requirements. Section 27 pf Tenant Act 1954 is not being discussed here for your reference. Taxi cab also requested you to repair the central stairwell and if this request is not approved by you, there is a scope that taxi cab might waive paying rent, or bring such other damage to the premises which would prove more expensive for repairs to be made. Middle floor which is occupied by a jeweller, who is also your cousin has not entered into any written agreement with you and that does not legally bind neither you nor jewellery to comply with any UK property laws. Oral agreement is not a valid option in the matters of disputes and also consider any decision. However as for now, jeweller is paying a rent of ? 400 per month and is carrying on business during week days. It is also a fact that oral agreement also carries certain rights and obligations both for business tenants and for the landlord, although these cannot be enforced in the courts as written agreements are more valid while filing cases of non-compliance of property laws or tenant laws. The nature of legal relationship between you and jeweller is that of a business tenant and a landlord. Further this tenant must maintain a rent book for the monthly rent paid to you and you are required to put your signature in the rent book whenever you receive rent. This tenant apart from being your cousin has every right and responsibility towards the central stairwell to carryout repairs whereas this must be done with a mutual consent from you. Further it is also a fact that this tenant is standing on the collective opinion of other two tenants that central stairwell must be repaired as it is creating problems for all the clients. Therefore, obliging to the request to repair the central stairwell is more advisable as it would invite more obligations both from business tenants and also from UK property law authorities if in case a complaint against you is launched for non-repair of central stairwell. The top floor is occupied by a commercial artist who also does not carry any written agreement of business tenancy. The tenant also facilitates the floor when there are parties arranged by you which means the tenant is absolutely cordial and compatible with you in the capacity of landlord. This tenant is also paying a small amount towards bills. Further this tenant is also of the opinion that central stairwell must be repaired. All of the business tenants are using the premises all through the business days which means central stairwell is a common area for carrying on respective activities. Another fact is only tax cab firm is a legal tenant with a legal relationship whereas other two business tenants viz. jeweller, commercial artist are not legal tenants due to the fact that there is no written agreement. The sum of rent paid by jewellery and commercial artist is very small whereas taxi cab firm is paying rent on lease. The opinion of all the three tenants is that since the central stairwell is used regularly, it is important to maintain the same in order to prevent any unforeseen occurrence of accidents or breakage. This was the main reason that tenants have approached you to repair the central stairwell. Taxi cab firm along with other two tenants in each floor are performing well in carrying on businesses and therefore, there is no problem of business loss or lack of funds. Further tenants have been very cooperative in paying rents regularly and also in meeting the other expenses as and when required. Some of the rights that can be exercised by you in the capacity of a landlord are viz. , increase of rent, conditions on usage of premises or any other matter pertaining to either rent or premises. Tenants complaints for repair of central stairwell would be valid only when there is a written notice to this effect under Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 which states that notice that be given either verbally or in writing in order to provide sufficient time for landlord to carryout the required repairs. When landlord does not wish to carry out repairs, in such case, tenants have to show the proof of written notice to the court in order to receive a remedial claim. The landlord cannot ignore or overlook any legal responsibilities with regard to the repairs as stated in Section 11 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985. As per the law, landlord is responsible for maintaining the roof, gutter, drains, pipes, walls, windows doors or any structure of the property. Section 11 clearly states that landlord must take the responsibility to maintain the repairs of the structure and also to keep the installations such as baths, sinks, sanitary pipes. Taking this section as a guide, central stairwell is within the premises of the property which is used by tenants regularly for business purpose. Therefore, the responsibility of repair rests with the landlord. Conclusively, keeping all of the above facts in view, there are two options at your end to maintain and repair the central stairwell. First is, to carryout necessary repairs to central stairwell and second is to assign the responsibility to one of the tenants whom you confide in to carryout necessary repairs to central stairwell and submit all the necessary bills of repairs to you. Further these expenses can be deducted from the monthly rent paid by all the three tenants. This would solve the problem and further all the tenants would be satisfied. Sincerely, Sd/- (B) Property law consultant References Housing in England – Tenancy Agreements Accessed 20 March 2009 http://www. adviceguide. org. uk/index/family_parent/housing/tenancy_agreements. htm LandLord and Tenant Act 1954 Accessed 20 March, 2009 http://72. 14. 235. 132/search? q=cache:QpO_V-_S0f8J:www. communities. gov. uk/documents/citiesandregions/pdf/131185. pdf+the+Landlord+and+Tenant+Act+1954. &cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in Landlord and Tenants Rights Accessed 20 March, 2009 http://www. insolvencyhelpline. co. uk/legal_issues_explained/landlords_and_tenants_rights. php Renting a home. The key to a quiet life Accessed 20 March, 2009 http://www. lawsociety. org. uk/choosingandusing/commonlegalproblems/rentingahome. page Section 27 Landlord and Tenant Act 1954: a tactical approach Accessed 20 March, 2009 http://www. practicalconveyancing. co. uk/content/view/7631/1121/ The rights of renters Accessed 20 March, 2009 http://www. consumerrightsexpert. co. uk/TheRightsOfRenters. html Tenancy agreement service Accessed 24 March, 2009 http://www. tenancyagreementservice. co. uk/verbal-tenancy-agreements. htm Landlords’ and Tenants’ repairing obligations Accessed 24 March, 2009 http://www. tenancyagreementservice. co. uk/repairing-obligations. htm#notice-of-repairs

Friday, November 8, 2019

Teaching Personal Space to Children With Disabilities

Teaching Personal Space to Children With Disabilities   Children with disabilities, especially children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, have difficulty understanding and appropriately using personal space.  Its importance is significant since many of these young people when they reach adolescence, become particularly vulnerable to assault or predation because they are unaware of the social and emotional boundaries that are important in the general public.   Deep Pressure Some Children with ASD are what we call deep pressure, and they seek as much sensory input as they can get.  They will throw their arms around not only significant adults in their lives but sometimes to complete strangers.  I worked 5 years ago as a volunteer at a camp at Torino Ranch, maintained by the Torino Foundation.  Ã‚  When my camper came off the bus he threw his arms around me (we had never met,) and I ticked off deep pressure kid, which led to four days of success.  I used that sensory need to keep him calm and appropriate.  Still, these students need to learn appropriate interaction.   The Science of Personal Space Proximics, or the science of personal space, explores how we as humans and as social and ethnic groups use the space around us.  Research has found that in a typical person the amygdala responds negatively to the invasion of personal space.  Research has not been definitive on the effect of population density on the size of personal space, as reported by anthropologists, but this writer has experienced it.  In Paris, in 1985, I attended a concert at the Place de Concord.  There were somewhere in the range of 50 to 60 thousand people there.  Someone started to push at the outside (Word was out that they were thugs [clouchards].)  Amazingly, after several minutes of chanting Assis! Assis! (sit down) we sat down.  Probably a couple of thousand people.  I looked at an American Friend and said: In America, we would have had a fist fight. This, of course, is why its important for special education students to understand personal space.  Students with autism may resist everyone entering their personal space, but all too often their amygdala is not firing when someone comes into their space, and we know they cant understand another persons desire for personal space.   There are three things needed to help them learn this: A metaphor that can help them understand personal space.Modeling to show how we use personal space andExplicit instruction in the use of personal space.   The Metaphor: The Magic Bubble Typical children and typical human beings are able to write their own meta-narrative, the story of their life.  Face it, when a woman gets married she often has a lifetime of plans dancing in her head about the perfect wedding (or her mothers dream.)  Children with disabilities, especially children with autism spectrum disorders, are unable to write those meta-narratives.  That is why Social Stories (TM) or Social Narratives (my name) are so powerful.  They use visual images, a story and often the childs own name.  I will be changing the name in the original document for the children I will use it with. I created the social narrative, Jeffies Magic Bubble, to support students with autism spectrum disorders.  It uses the metaphor a magic bubble to define the invisible space around each of us that is also called personal space.  Children with disabilities love to play with bubbles, so using it as a metaphor will provide a visible understanding of what that space is like.   Modeling Once the model is established by reading the book, make a game of magic bubbles.  Have children spin and identify the edge of their bubbles (arms length is a good compromise between intimate and familiar personal space.) Practice welcoming others into their magic bubbles by putting hands out and greeting others with a handshake. Hi, Im Jeffie.  Nice to meet you.   Make a game of Magical Bubbles by giving students clickers and having others come as close as they can without stepping inside another childs personal bubble.  The student in their Magic Bubble will click when they think the other student or students enter their bubble. Explicit Instruction Read the book Jeffies Magic Bubble aloud as a group.  If students need individual instruction (so they are better at paying attention to personal space) you will want to read it to those students over and over again.   After reading each page, have students practice:  when you get to crossing arms and hands on hips, have them practice.  When you read about Jeffie saying NO!  practice saying NO!  Practice asking friends for a hug.   Be sure that you recognize students who respect each others personal space.  You might want each child to have a magic bubble chart.  Hand out stickers or stars for each time you catch them asking to enter another childs space, or asking another student politely to move outside of their personal space.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Work Motivation Theory Case Study The WritePass Journal

Work Motivation Theory Case Study Work Motivation Theory Case Study D1.D2.D3.D4.D5.References:Related D1. There are two issues related to work motivation in the sample case study. The first is that the focus of the case study concentrates on ‘what’ motivates workers, by providing samples of end goals as tools of motivation. The second issue that is apparent is that the object that motivates the workers is not universal across the surveyed countries and varies significantly depending on country. This was seen particularly for the items; good boss, good pay and friendly co-workers. D2. The use of an object as the method of work motivation indicates that content theory of motivation has been used as the theoretical foundation on which the case study is being undertaken. Maslow’s (1943) hierarchy of needs is applicable to the case study and in order to reach self-actualisation which seeks personal fulfilment and peak experiences, one must first satisfy the lower levels of psychological, security, affiliation and esteem needs. Herzberg et al.’s (1959) two factor theory is also a relevant content theory for the case study. This theory asserts that both hygiene and motivation factors are necessary for work place motivation. Hygiene factors are those that are essential for motivation, such as pay and physical working conditions, while motivators are those which provide personal satisfaction. Alderfer’s (1972) ERG theory redefined Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in line with empirical evidence classing work motivation needs into existence, relatedn ess and growth needs. D3. It is clear that the assumption promulgated by the case study indicates that the lower levels of motivation in Maslow, Alderfer and Herzberg’s theories are satisfied as the questionnaire used to sample these indicators evaluate the importance of higher level needs that have to do with self-fulfilment and actualisation. This indicates therefore that these theories are applicable, as motivation has occurred at a higher level in the surveyed organisations. These theories however, do not necessarily explain how the higher levels of motivation interact with one another. This leaves one to assume that the content theories of motivation are only sufficient to an extent as they do not consider different levels of motivation at these higher levels. The differences in the importance of certain elements of the questionnaire in the case study according to the country of the subjects does not necessarily present a difficulty in the universal application of these theories, as differences wi ll necessarily occur in a number of contexts depending on the organisational characteristics of the subject organisation. D4. Arguably, a more accurate theory of motivation to be applied is process theory, which seek to understand the process through which motivation occurs. Examples of process theories include expectancy based models (Vroom, 1964), goal setting theory (Locke Latham, 1990) and equity theory (Adams, 1963). These theories seek to understand the process by which motivation occurs and to identify motivators in this way rather than to understand it from a content approach. Importantly, process theories seek to motivate through establishing a balance between input and output of a worker and thereby attain the goals of that worker in terms of self fulfillment. D5. These theories provide a useful understanding of the factors that effect work motivation and the types of content or process which may be utilized in order to achieve maximum motivation. These theories can be applied to a complex set of organizational factors and are important in the context of organizational theory by allowing for a better understanding of creating a psychological contract affecting organizational behavior and culture. References: Adams, J. (1963) Toward an Understanding of Inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,   67, pp.   422 436. Alderfer, C. (1972) Existence, Relatedness, and Growth; Human Needs in Organizational Settings.   New York: Free Press. Herzberg, F.,   Mausner, B.,   Snyderman, B. (1959)  The Motivation to Work  (2ed). New York: John Wiley. Locke, E. Latham, G. (1990) A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. Maslow, A. (1943) A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), pp. 370 – 396. Vroom, V. (1964) Work and Motivation. New York: McGraw Hill.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Molecular basis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase II activity Coursework

Molecular basis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase II activity - Coursework Example The RdRP activity has also been implicated in the replication of the RNA Genomes of HDV virus and plant viriods. 3) What is meant by HDV? Why would investigators want to study HDV? In your answer, tell me about HDV and why investigators would want to study HDV. What is the ANTIGENOME? Why is it important in the experimental design? HDV is Hepatitis Delta Virus. The investigators have taken HDV for the study as RdRP activity of Pol II has been established to be involved in the replication of the viral genome. Antigenome is the complementary positive RNA which serves as the template for the synthesis of the negative strand of the virus. To understand the physiological significance of the RdRP activity, the terminal segment of the HDV antigenome, which directs RNA synthesis and is sensitive to the Pol II inhibitor alpha- amanitin, was studied. 4) What is meant by â€Å"FAM-labeled RNA products were separated by denaturing gel electrophoresis†? DO NOT give me cookbook recipes, i.e. do not provide a ‘step-by-step how to’ that could be used to perform an experiment. Describe the method in general terms. FAM is 6 carboxy- flourescein label. Nucleotides labeled with such flourophores, have shown improved sensitivity, versatility and normalization when separated by denaturing gel electrophoresis. After purification of the nucleotides the fluorescein tag was attached by incubation with the 5’ terminal of the nucleotides. 5) DATA INTERPRETATION: Evaluate Figure 1. Break the analysis down. Strive to understand what each lane of the gel represents. Make note of the controls as well. Your focus for your response is the part of the figure labeled b, c, and d. Use part a in assisting you. Summarize what each part (b, c, and d) of the figure suggests. The RNA synthesized by the RdRP activity of Pol II is fluorescent labeled and separated by gel electrophoresis and viewed. Lane 1 in the gel shows only the reactant RNA.

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 3

Business law - Essay Example ed are in reference to the purchase of a piece of land adjoining the highway which is being opposed by Higbert but which the other directors propose to go ahead with, in contravention of an agreement between the four Directors which specifies that a unanimous consent is required. The question of dismissal of there employees on grounds of redundancy must also be addressed. The Companies Act of 1985, with amendments made in 1993 and the latest Companies Bill to go into force in 2007, which has proposed changes in the Articles of incorporation and the enforcing of shareholder interests, the new provisions for remuneration for Directors (2002) and the Employment Rights Act of 1996 which also includes the relevant legislation dealing with dismissal of employee son grounds of redundancy. The Hippo Company has been incorporated in accordance with Articles in the Table A form. Incorporation therefore involves separation of ownership and control, it is the members who own the company and allot shares, which constitutes a delegation of the shares as spelt out under s.80 to s.96. The Companies Act sets out the provisions by which Companies are to be governed, including appointment of Directors, articles of incorporation, rights of shareholders and procedures for legal action. On this basis therefore, the four Directors of the Corporation are also the four primary shareholders in the Hippo Company, with each Director owning 25% of the share sin the Company. Hence, where the issue of marginalization of Higbert is concerned, he is placed in the position of a minority shareholder, since the others are working in tandem. The rule established in Foss v Harbottle1 provides minority protection in that an individual or group of minority shareholders can sue where a wrong arises that is ratifiable. However the terms where this minority protection will hold valid were spelt out in Edwards v Halliwell2 and a fraud should have been perpetrated on the minority3, if such protection is